Oman’s mining sector has gained momentum due to a strategic push for diversification beyond oil and gas. The country is rich in copper, gold, chromite, limestone, and gypsum, with a particular focus on developing its base metals sector.
Key legislative improvements include:
Oman has significant untapped geological potential, particularly in copper, gold, chromite, limestone, gypsum, and rare earth elements (REEs). The Semail Ophiolite Belt, one of the world’s best-preserved ophiolite sequences, is rich in volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) copper-gold deposits, with substantial areas yet to be explored.
Major Mines and Production:
Oman’s mineral exploration potential is largely underdeveloped, particularly in its copper, gold, chromite, and rare earth elements (REEs) sectors. The Semail Ophiolite Belt is one of the world’s most promising locations for volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) copper-gold deposits, yet many regions remain underexplored.
Egypt has undergone a major mining sector reform in recent years, positioning itself as a rising player in the gold and base metals market. The country’s Arabian-Nubian Shield hosts significant untapped potential, particularly in gold, copper, and phosphate deposits.
Key legislative improvements include:
Egypt’s Arabian-Nubian Shield is one of the world’s most prospective but underexplored geological regions, hosting gold, copper, zinc, and phosphate deposits. Recent legislative changes have unlocked substantial opportunities for foreign miners.
Major Mines and Production:
Egypt has undergone a major mining sector reform in recent years, positioning itself as a rising player in the gold and base metals market. The country’s Arabian-Nubian Shield hosts significant untapped potential, particularly in gold, copper, and phosphate deposits.
Key legislative improvements include:
Egypt’s Arabian-Nubian Shield is highly underexplored, with immense potential for gold, copper, and base metal deposits. Despite the success of Sukari Gold Mine, large parts of Egypt’s Eastern Desert and Red Sea regions remain virtually untouched by modern exploration techniques.
Algeria, rich in iron ore, phosphate, gold, and rare earth elements, has historically struggled with bureaucratic obstacles in mining investment. However, recent reforms aim to attract foreign capital and modernize the sector.
Key legislative improvements include:
Algeria is highly prospective for iron ore, gold, phosphate, zinc, and rare earth elements (REEs). Despite large-scale resources, political and regulatory challenges have historically limited foreign investment, though recent reforms aim to change this.
Major Mines and Production:
Algeria is highly prospective for iron ore, gold, phosphate, zinc, and rare earth elements (REEs). Despite large-scale resources, political and regulatory challenges have historically limited foreign investment, though recent reforms aim to change this.
Major Mines and Production:
Algeria’s Proterozoic and Archean terranes hold massive unexploited mineral resources, particularly in iron ore, gold, phosphates, and critical minerals. However, exploration remains in its early stages due to previous regulatory restrictions, which are now easing.
Tunisia is traditionally known for phosphate production, but the government is now encouraging broader mineral exploration, particularly in copper, zinc, and rare earth elements.
Key legislative improvements include:
Tunisia is known primarily for phosphate mining, but it also hosts deposits of lead, zinc, iron ore, and rare earth elements. The Kef and Gafsa regions hold some of the most significant mineral potential.
Major Mines and Production:
Tunisia’s mineral potential extends far beyond phosphates, with zinc, lead, copper, and rare earth elements becoming new exploration targets. However, much of the country remains underexplored due to historically limited investment in geological mapping.
Algeria’s Proterozoic and Archean terranes hold massive unexploited mineral resources, particularly in iron ore, gold, phosphates, and critical minerals. However, exploration remains in its early stages due to previous regulatory restrictions, which are now easing.
Indonesia remains a top player in nickel, bauxite, coal, and gold mining, and recent reforms have further enhanced its attractiveness for foreign investment.
Key legislative improvements include:
Indonesia is one of the world’s richest mining jurisdictions, with world-class deposits of nickel, copper, gold, coal, and tin. The Sunda-Banda Arc and Central Kalimantan regions host some of the largest mineral reserves in Asia.
Major Mines and Production:
Indonesia is one of the world’s most geologically diverse mining jurisdictions, yet large areas of Sumatra, Sulawesi, and Kalimantan remain underexplored. The country’s extensive porphyry copper-gold, nickel laterite, and coal deposits indicate major growth potential in mineral exploration.
Morocco has significant unexploited mineral potential beyond its well-established phosphate industry. The country is known to host substantial deposits of copper, silver, lead, zinc, gold, and cobalt, particularly in the Anti-Atlas, Middle Atlas, and Eastern Sahara regions. Morocco is also attracting interest for lithium and rare earth elements (REEs), aligning with global demand for strategic minerals.
The country’s mining sector is led by OCP Group, the world’s largest phosphate exporter, producing over 34 million tonnes of phosphate annually. Other notable mining operations include Managem Group’s Imiter Silver Mine, one of Africa’s largest silver producers, with an annual output of approximately 240 tonnes (7.7 million ounces). Foreign companies like Kasbah Resources (owned by Moroccan group Al Mada) are developing the Achmmach tin project, estimated to hold over 750,000 tonnes of contained tin.
Morocco has long been an attractive destination for mining investment, boasting a well-established phosphate industry, along with growing exploration and development of base metals, precious metals, and strategic minerals. Recent legal and regulatory updates have enhanced the sector’s appeal.
Key legislative improvements include:
Morocco has substantial untapped mineral exploration potential, particularly outside its well-established phosphate sector. The Anti-Atlas region is considered one of the most promising areas for gold, copper, silver, and cobalt, with recent discoveries highlighting the potential for large-scale deposits. The Eastern Sahara region, largely unexplored due to logistical challenges, is gaining interest due to indications of rare earth elements (REEs), lithium, and nickel.
In addition, Morocco’s focus on critical minerals aligns with the global energy transition. The government is actively promoting the exploration of lithium-bearing pegmatites, particularly in regions with known spodumene mineralization. Recent airborne geophysical surveys have revealed potential new polymetallic zones, attracting interest from international explorers.
Zambia is one of the world’s richest copper-bearing nations, with vast unexploited mineral potential, particularly in copper, cobalt, gold, nickel, manganese, and lithium. The Central African Copperbelt, extending into the Democratic Republic of Congo, remains the primary focus of exploration and development.
The country’s largest mining operations include Kansanshi Mine, owned by First Quantum Minerals, which produced 170,000 tonnes of copper and 130,000 ounces of gold in 2023. The Mopani Copper Mines, previously owned by Glencore and now under ZCCM-IH, continues to be a major producer. Meanwhile, Barrick Gold’s Lumwana Mine produced over 250,000 tonnes of copper in 2023, reinforcing Zambia’s global role in copper supply. Emerging projects, particularly in lithium and nickel, are drawing significant interest as Zambia aims to diversify beyond copper.
Zambia, one of the world’s leading copper producers, has historically seen fluctuating investor confidence due to policy uncertainty. However, recent reforms under the new administration have signaled a major shift towards pro-investment policies.
Key legislative improvements include:
Zambia has historically been focused on copper and cobalt, but recent exploration has revealed significant nickel, gold, lithium, and manganese potential. The North-Western Province, home to world-class copper deposits, is proving to have additional high-grade gold mineralization, particularly in areas near Kansanshi and Lumwana.
Lithium exploration is emerging as a new focus, particularly in the southern and central regions, where pegmatite-hosted lithium has been identified. Several companies are actively exploring for battery metals, recognizing Zambia’s strategic location for supplying EV supply chains. The Kalongwe and Mwinilunga regions are also attracting attention for their untapped nickel sulfide potential, which could become a key component of Zambia’s mineral diversification strategy.
With new geophysical surveys and improved legislative frameworks encouraging junior exploration, Zambia’s mineral frontier is expanding well beyond its traditional focus on copper, positioning it as a future leader in critical metals exploration.
Mauritania remains underexplored despite its proven mineral wealth, particularly in iron ore, gold, copper, and uranium. The country has vast, untapped mineral potential in its interior regions, with promising greenstone belts and sedimentary basins containing base and precious metals.
The Société Nationale Industrielle et Minière (SNIM) operates the massive Guelb el Rhein and Kedia d’Idjil iron ore mines, producing approximately 13 million tonnes of iron ore per year, making it one of Africa’s top iron ore exporters. In the gold sector, Kinross Gold operates the Tasiast Gold Mine, which produced approximately 620,000 ounces of gold in 2023, following a major expansion project. Meanwhile, First Quantum Minerals operates the Guelb Moghrein copper-gold mine, contributing significantly to national exports.
Mauritania’s mining sector is a key driver of economic growth, with iron ore, gold, and copper as its primary commodities. The government has undertaken substantial legal reforms to enhance foreign investment while ensuring local benefit-sharing.
Key legislative improvements include:
Mauritania is one of Africa’s most underexplored mining jurisdictions, with extensive greenstone belts and Proterozoic terranes that remain largely untested. While the country is already a major iron ore producer, there is increasing evidence that its gold and copper potential is far greater than currently known. The Tiris and Inchiri regions have seen a surge in junior exploration companies targeting orogenic gold deposits, following discoveries that suggest significant untapped reserves.
Mauritania’s northern regions host extensions of the West African Craton, which is highly prospective for gold, similar to deposits found in Mali and Burkina Faso. Additionally, the country’s coastal sedimentary basins are being reassessed for their potential to host uranium and rare earth elements, with early-stage exploration confirming promising anomalies.
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